This is an exchange between G. from Nicaragua and Shreya Gupta from India. For security reasons, the name of the student from Nicaragua was anonymised.
Letter 1
Managua, Nicaragua
02 de marzo, 2023
Hola Shreya, espero estés bien. Me gustaría iniciar esta carta hablando de lo que nos atañe, el gender mainstreaming en la vida académica. Yo soy una persona amante del aprendizaje, siempre tengo sed de más. Actualmente tengo un certificado en inglés, y estoy en proceso de obtener el de francés. Te cuento esto para darte contexto. En mis clases de idiomas he vivido experiencias un tanto desagradables con respecto a profesores homofóbicos, transfóbicos, y otros tantos con tintes machistas.
En mi vida universitaria no he tenido tantas vivencias del tipo en el campus, pero sí he tenido profesores ultra conservadores en temas de derechos de las mujeres, lo cual es triste, pues mi licenciatura es en derecho. Tras escuchar comentarios negativos y con sesgos retrógradas sobre la gente queer y las mujeres, me pregunté ¿dónde está el resto de personas como yo? Las mujeres y personas queer; inmediatamente me respondí a mí misma que batallando por existir. Hace mucho ya no discuto con personas mayores sobre temas de género, pues uno tiene que elegir sus batallas. Pero me pregunto ¿sueles tú discutir sobre estos temas con personas, aun sabiendo que no habrá ningún resultado positivo? De ser así ¿cómo lo haces? ¿No sientes que es una pérdida de tiempo?
Aparte de esto, también me surge la duda de si en tu país es frecuente que las personas en situaciones de autoridad hagan comentarios retrógrados, pues aquí sí lo es. Lo peor es que muchas veces las personas con más preparación académica son las que hacen los comentarios más ignorantes. Es difícil pedirle a una persona que cambie completamente la totalidad de su sistema de creencias, pero el respeto básico al sexo, orientación sexual e identidad de género de terceros es lo menos que una persona con decencia humana mínima, puede hacer.
Cuando pasan las situaciones que te comento, generalmente mis compañeros de clase simplemente se ríen, eso me hace sentir tristeza, pues asumo que si se ríen es porque lo que los profesores dicen son ideas que ellos mismos comparten. Es en esos momentos en los cuales recuerdo que no todos tenemos ideas progresistas. En el contexto latinoamericano es muy común que usen el término “progre” de manera peyorativa para señalar a las personas en pro de los derechos humanos como los derechos de las mujeres y personas pertenecientes al colectivo LGBTplus. Así que cualquier comentario ligeramente liberal repercutirá en el emisor del mismo siendo llamado “progre” y muchas veces sufriendo acoso en el internet. ¿En tu contexto cultural hay tanto repudio hacia las corrientes liberales de pensamiento?
Realmente con el funcionamiento de los variados algoritmos de las distintas redes sociales, estamos viendo de manera increíblemente constante e intensa contenido que se aliena a nuestros ideales, especialmente sobre estos temas. Por lo que resulta genuinamente fácil desarrollar y concebir una idea errónea de sobre dónde apunta la opinión de la mayoría de gente y lo que el escrutinio público tiene para decir sobre estos tópicos. Por ello resulta impactante hablar de estos temas y notar que verdaderamente no todo el mundo tiene ideas similares a las nuestras, es más, la mayoría de las personas a mi alrededor en los ámbitos académicos tiene raíces de pensamiento muy profundamente arraigadas a lo conservador. ¿A ti te suele pasar eso? ¿Cómo lidias con ello (de ser así)?
Es particularmente común como conducta retrograda para con las mujeres, la cosificación que vivimos. Son también muy desagradables determinadas miradas, expresiones de menosprecio y demás actitudes de desvalor que vivimos como féminas. Especialmente las situaciones incómodas que nos hacen pasar ciertos profesores. Como, por ejemplo, ejemplificar contenidos de las clases de manera personalmente invasivas, o las profesoras que tienen un favoritismo por los hombres, y nos hacen desaires. En mi contexto cultural se dice que las mujeres no pueden ser machistas, solamente replicar conductas sexistas que el patriarcado ha preestablecido ¿cuáles son tus opiniones con respecto a esto?
Bueno, Shreya. Espero atentamente tu carta, y de todo corazón deseo que los temas que planteé en la mía sean de tu interés. Amaría si expandieras acerca de tu contexto cultural, tus vivencias y demás, pues es por ello que planteé tantas preguntas. Esperando estés bien. Saludos.
G.
Letter 2
Hello G.,
India,
24th March, 2023
I hope you are doing well. I am glad to hear your thoughts and I am so overwhelmed that you are someone who have same progressive mindset like me. Currently, I am pursuing Post Graduation Diploma in Management in Rural Management, in coming one month I will be completing my degree and will become a development professional.
I believe that gender Mainstreaming in academia is very important in terms of improving gender equality among all gender’s male, female, heterosexual, bisexual, gay, Lesbian. But, the preconceived notion of my classmates, teachers, and society in general about the characteristics of different genders is working as a barrier. To break the stereotype thinking firstly people need to accept queer people or LGBTQ+ like a normal human being. I was terrified when in class I used to teach about equality and then as per convenience and situations their actions were different. From childhood we have been taught to stay connected to our roots, follow our culture, respect each other but when I am surrounded with so many educated people, still they discriminate between different genders and I am forced to ask myself where did our culture go? I feel sad about the fact that for older it is difficult here to change their conservative thoughts, but what about people of our age. We are living in 20th century but still people think that the queer people are hampering our culture, women are can only take care of family and cook food, they are not required to work. In our country most of the people believe that “Successful Women cannot have families.”
In your country also people have thought process like this? Have you ever came across to these types of conversations around you? If so, how you react to it?
This discrimination here is often rooted in deeply ingrained social norms and beliefs that prioritize male and heterosexual identities and behaviours over female and queer identities and behaviours. These norms and beliefs have led in various forms of discrimination, including unequal pay, limited access to educational and employment opportunities, harassment and violence, and denial of basic human rights Queer people also face discrimination and inequality due to their sexual orientation and gender identity. Here, in almost every state or district or place, they are denied basic rights and protections, such as the right to marry or adopt children. They may also face discrimination in the workplace, housing, and healthcare, and are more likely to experience violence and harassment.
One of the major issues that women and queer people face here in college or universities is a lack of representation in leadership positions. Women are underrepresented in faculty and administrative roles, with men occupying most top-level positions. Similarly, queer individuals often find themselves marginalized and excluded from decision-making processes. Many universities in India have curfews for female students living in hostels, which restrict their freedom and mobility. This is often done under the guise of safety, but it is discriminatory and reinforces gender stereotypes. Does universities in Nicaragua also have gender-based curfews? If so, then how students deal with it? Have they tried to raise their voice against it?
Another issue that female and queer students face in Indian universities is sexual harassment and gender-based violence. Studies have shown that sexual harassment and assault are prevalent on campuses, and many universities lack adequate mechanisms to address these issues. Students may also face discrimination and exclusion based on their gender identity or sexual orientation, which can lead to feelings of isolation and marginalization.
Unfortunately, many queer people experience negative behaviours from students, including bullying, harassment, and discrimination. These behaviours can take many forms, from verbal abuse and derogatory language to physical violence.
It is concerning to hear that there may be students in college who hold conservative thoughts that discriminate against women and queer people. It is important to recognize that such beliefs are not acceptable and can cause harm to people who go through it. And here the situation is no different, when I personally try to tell people about it, they call it feminism. Here if a women speak out for their rights, they are labelled as Pseudo-feminists. have you been in this situation? It is there also that women are labelled as Pseudo-feminists if they speak up for their rights?
“Women Cannot Be Macho, Only Replicate Sexist Behaviours That the Patriarchy Has Pre-Established” This statement reflects the view that the concept of “machismo” is inherently sexist and reinforces patriarchal attitudes towards gender roles. “Machismo” is often associated with traits such as dominance, aggression, and hypermasculinity, which are traditionally seen as masculine traits. The idea that women cannot be “macho” is rooted in the belief that these traits are incompatible with femininity. However, it is important to recognize that these gender roles and stereotypes are socially constructed and do not reflect any inherent biological or psychological differences between men and women. Anyone, regardless of gender, can exhibit traits traditionally associated with masculinity or femininity. The notion that women cannot be “macho” is based on an arbitrary and limiting gender binary that restricts individuals from expressing themselves authentically.
It is also important to note that replicating sexist behaviours, whether consciously or unconsciously, reinforces and perpetuates patriarchal attitudes towards gender roles. Instead, we should strive to challenge and dismantle these attitudes by promoting gender equality and creating inclusive environments that celebrate diversity and encourage self-expression.
I hope I have been able to answer all your questions, I am looking forward for your letter. Till then, wish you luck and happiness.
Letter 3
14 de abril de 2023
Nicaragua,
Hola Shreya,
Dándote mis mejores deseos. Estoy muy feliz de por fin tener tu respuesta y de haber resuelto las dudas que te planteé.
Me parece súper interesante el tema de la integración de la perspectiva de género en el mundo académico como medio para alcanzar la igualdad y la equitatividad entre las personas sin distingo de género, sexo o preferencia sexual. Te comento que últimamente he estado teniendo ciertos conflictos con la idea de los roles de género y cómo éstos dejan una gran huella en la educación.
Acotando lo que me comentabas sobre el estereotipo que en tu país se tiene acerca de que “Successful Women cannot have families” te menciono que en la cultura nicaragüense muchas personas creen que una mujer sin hijos no está completa, como si el propósito de las mujeres fuera ese, tener hijos. De igual manera me genera muchas dudas y cierta antipatía que cuando se habla de la importancia de las mujeres en la sociedad se dejan muy de lado todos los grandes inventos que le debemos al género femenino, y reducen todo nuestro valor a que somos capaces de traer vida al mundo, y a nuestra belleza; lo cual es honestamente ofensivamente reduccionista.
En Nicaragua en organizaciones estatales se prioriza la contratación de mujeres, y hay algo llamado “prioridad a la jefatura familiar femenina” pues aquí y en toda Latinoamérica es muy común que las familias estén conformadas únicamente por una madre y sus hijos, quienes no cuentan con una verdadera figura paterna. Y que en las familias que tienen una mamá y un papá (en Nicaragua no se reconoce el matrimonio ni la unión de hecho igualitaria), la mamá sea quien se encarga del hogar y la crianza de los hijos, y en una inmensa cantidad de casos también tiene la responsabilidad económica de trabajar y proveer para su familia. Por lo que además de tener el estrés de la vida laboral, sufre con toda la carga mental del cuido del hogar y crianza de los hijos. Esto nos deja con profesionales agotadas que no tienen el tiempo ni los recursos para perfeccionar su formación académica, y quienes se dedican a la docencia no tienen realmente la oportunidad de crecer en su trabajo y ascender a cargos como líderes de departamentos o facultades, pues tienen otras responsabilidades; y aquí recae también la falta de representación femenina en los mentados directivos.
Aquí en Nicaragua, en mi experiencia, hay una cantidad relativamente igualitaria de maestras mujeres como de maestros hombres; pero quienes dirigen los departamentos y facultades universitarias son mayoritariamente maestros varones, y hasta el momento no he sabido de que se tomen acciones al respecto. Creo que sobre ello también influye que a más maestros varones se les da la oportunidad de realizar postgrados en el extranjero, todo financiado por las universidades, ello genera que los profesores varones tengan mayor capacitación y sean los más calificados para los cargos directivos, pues las mujeres no tienen esta clase de oportunidades tanto como los hombres, especialmente si tienen familia; pues es un millón de veces más aceptado un padre que se ausente unos años de su familia, a una mujer que lo haga. Así que el tema ni siquiera es sobre si tienen familias o no, el sesgo es meramente basado en el sexo de la persona.
Mi universidad recibe burlas de los estudiantes de otras instituciones académicas debido a que gran parte del estudiantado de mi alma mater es queer, y eso en la coyuntura nacional es sinónimo de ser objeto de burlas, acoso y desprecios. Y las mujeres no corren con mejor suerte, pues por desgracia gran parte del estudiantado masculino nos ve como inferiores, y tratan de hacernos sentir incapaces cuando se sienten amenazados por nosotras. Si una mujer levanta la voz ante este tipo de situaciones se le tilda de feminista histérica. Y mucha de esta crítica hacia las mujeres se hace con respecto a nuestra apariencia, si tenemos el pelo corto, si decidimos no depilarnos, o teñir nuestro cabello somos llamadas “feminazis”. Así es, en el contexto hispanoamericano ese es otro término para las mujeres que levantan sus voces y/o deciden libremente sobre su imagen, se les compara con los nazis, sin mediar mayor razón que esa.
Comparto totalmente tus ideas expresadas en tu penúltimo párrafo. A mi carta agrego mis dudas ¿en tu cultura también es la norma que la mujer se encargue de la familia? ¿Cómo afectan estos roles de género a las mujeres en sus profesiones? ¿Crees que en un futuro cercano India sea un país más igualitario?
Ha sido un placer compartir mis pensamientos y dudas contigo, amé la redacción de tu carta y me generan admiración tus pensamientos. No puedo esperar a recibir la siguiente carta. Mis mejores deseos siempre, G.
Letter 4
Hello G.,
Thank you for your kind words and wishes. I am glad that I could provide you with the answers.
I completely understand your concerns regarding the gender roles and stereotypes that persist in society, particularly in relation to women’s roles and expectations. It is indeed unfortunate that such narrow perspectives still exist, which limit the recognition and appreciation of women’s contributions beyond traditional notions of motherhood and beauty. In the pursuit of gender equality and equity, it is essential to challenge and dismantle these restrictive beliefs. Women have made significant contributions to various fields throughout history, including science, technology, literature, art, and many others. It is crucial to acknowledge and celebrate these achievements, highlighting the diverse talents and capabilities of women beyond their reproductive abilities. Integrating the gender perspective in the academic world is an important step towards promoting equality and challenging gender stereotypes. By examining and questioning traditional gender roles, educational institutions can foster an environment that encourages critical thinking, inclusivity, and equal opportunities for all genders. This perspective can help address and rectify the biases and prejudices that have historically marginalized women and perpetuated gender inequality. To counter the notion that a woman’s worth is solely determined by her ability to have children, it is essential to emphasize individual agency and the freedom of choice. Women should have the right to decide whether they want to have children, without judgment or societal pressure. Recognizing that women’s worth extends far beyond their reproductive capabilities is crucial for creating a society that values women for their diverse talents, skills, and contributions.
While the specific context you described pertains to Nicaragua, similar challenges and issues are prevalent in various countries, including India. In India, women often face multiple responsibilities and burdens, including household work, childcare, and caregiving, in addition to their professional commitments. These responsibilities can limit their opportunities for career growth and advancement, and hinder their ability to dedicate time and resources to their academic training. India, like Nicaragua, recognizes the need to address these gender disparities and support women’s empowerment. Various initiatives and policies have been implemented to promote gender equality, increase women’s participation in the workforce, and provide support for working mothers. For example, the Indian government has introduced schemes such as the Maternity Benefit Act, which grants paid maternity leave to female employees, and the Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (Save the daughter, Educate the Daughter) campaign, which aims to improve the status of girls and women through education and equal opportunities. Cultural norms, societal expectations, and systemic biases can hinder women’s progress and limit their representation in leadership positions within educational institutions. Creating avenues for women to showcase their expertise, research, and leadership potential is vital for increasing their representation in leadership roles within academic institutions.
In India, too, there is a gender disparity in leadership positions within academia. Cultural and societal norms, biases, and limited opportunities for women to pursue postgraduate studies abroad can contribute to this imbalance. The unequal access to educational and professional development opportunities for women, especially those with family responsibilities, further exacerbates the issue. Addressing this disparity requires a multi-faceted approach. Universities and academic institutions can take proactive measures to promote gender diversity and equal opportunities for professional growth. It is crucial to challenge the societal bias that perpetuates the belief that it is more acceptable for fathers to be away from their families for educational or professional pursuits compared to women. Promoting a more inclusive and supportive work environment that values work-life balance for both men and women is essential. This can involve implementing family-friendly policies such as parental leave, flexible working arrangements, and support systems for caregivers.
In India, too, marginalized communities, including the LGBTQ+ community, face discrimination and prejudice. It is disheartening that being queer can lead to ridicule and harassment, perpetuating an environment that hampers personal growth and impedes academic progress. However, it is worth noting that India has made significant strides in recognizing the rights of the LGBTQ+ community. In 2018, the Supreme Court of India decriminalized consensual same-sex relations, marking a landmark decision towards inclusivity and equality.
Regarding the mistreatment and objectification of women, it is dismaying that sexism and gender-based discrimination persist in academic settings. Like the situation you described, women in India also face derogatory labels and judgments based on their appearance, personal choices, and assertiveness. The term “feminazi” is used as a derogatory label to undermine and dismiss women who challenge societal norms and advocate for gender equality. It is important to recognize that such language perpetuates harmful stereotypes and inhibits progress toward gender equality. To address these issues, it is crucial to promote gender sensitization and awareness within academic institutions. Establishing safe spaces, support networks, and counselling services for marginalized communities, including LGBTQ+ individuals and women, can help create an inclusive environment that fosters personal growth and academic success.
Educational institutions can also introduce gender studies programs, diversity and inclusion initiatives, and workshops to promote empathy, respect, and understanding among students. Engaging in open dialogues and encouraging active participation from students, faculty, and staff can help challenge and dismantle harmful stereotypes and biases.
Predicting the future is challenging, and it is difficult to provide a definitive answer to your question. However, it is worth noting that India has made significant progress towards gender equality and inclusivity in recent years. There have been legal reforms, policy initiatives, and social movements aimed at addressing gender disparities and promoting women’s empowerment. However, it is important to acknowledge that there are still substantial challenges to overcome. Deep-rooted social norms, cultural biases, and systemic inequalities persist in many areas of Indian society. These challenges can hinder progress towards full gender equality and may require sustained efforts and collective action. Ultimately, achieving full gender equality requires the collective commitment of society. By promoting inclusivity, challenging biases, and ensuring equal opportunities for all genders, India can move closer to its goal of becoming a more egalitarian country.
Thank you for your gracious words and appreciation. It brings me joy to know that our exchange has been meaningful to you. Your enthusiasm and kind remarks are truly uplifting. I look forward to our future conversations and the opportunity to continue providing you with valuable insights and assistance. May your journey be filled with success, happiness, and fulfilment. Best wishes to you always!
Shreya Gupta
India