{"id":926,"date":"2021-04-06T10:15:00","date_gmt":"2021-04-06T10:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uantwerpen.one\/blog-usos\/?p=926"},"modified":"2021-06-16T09:06:41","modified_gmt":"2021-06-16T09:06:41","slug":"the-effect-of-covid-measures-on-migrant-workers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.uantwerpen.be\/global-pen-friends\/the-effect-of-covid-measures-on-migrant-workers\/","title":{"rendered":"The effect of COVID-19 measures on migrant workers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Correspondence between Nipun Kalra<\/strong> (student at the National Law University \u2013 Delhi) and Souhayla El Alimi<\/strong> (\u00e9tudiante \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Mohammed Premier \u2013 Oujda)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dear Souhayla El Alimi, <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Hope this letter finds you well!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the very beginning, working and learning in the space created by the Law School has been quite fascinating for me as a law student. My interest in Human Rights Law was cultivated, more importantly, due to the influence created by my association with the People\u2019s Union for Civil Liberties, Jaipur office, where I worked under the able guidance of Mrs Kavita Srivastava, a renowned human rights worker. Here, I gained my first-hand practical and work experience with the social events that occur around us, which we consciously \u2018choose\u2019 to ignore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But you must be wondering that this still does not explain why I chose this topic? Well, that\u2019s something which lies at the heart of what transpired very recently. The Indian government imposed a nation-wide lockdown in the wake of the worldwide COVID-19 crisis. While the entire population is affected by COVID-19 measures, migrant workers are hit harder. While this step of the lockdown could be foreseen by the public, the short duration of \u2018four hours\u2019 before which this announcement came into effect, proved highly worrisome given the fact that the majority<\/a> of the Indian economy is dependent upon migrant workers and informal workers who were far from home when the lockdown came into force.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the battle against COVID-19, India has already seen over 11 million confirmed cases and more than 156,000 deaths. Like most countries, it has adopted drastic measures, such as a nation-wide lockdown, the invocation of the draconian Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 <\/a>(EDA), alongside the National Disaster Management Act, 2005 <\/a>(NDMA), and the suspension of mass transport services among other things. Several states have also developed<\/a> unique coping strategies in the \u2018war\u2019 against the deadly virus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Framing the struggle against the Coronavirus as a \u2018war\u2019<\/a> has justified far-reaching interventions. The differing impact of the lockdown on different segments of the Indian population has illustrated Indian society\u2019s stratification. While most middle-class families approved of the authorities\u2019 actions, the neglected<\/a> India of interstate migrant labourers trudged home barefoot, hungry and thirsty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the 2011 Census, there are 41 million interstate migrants in India, who migrate to other states due to a lack of job opportunities in their home state. Survival attracts these migrants to the cities from poorer, less educated and economically deprived backgrounds. Their exploited labour is marked by meagre wages, long working hours and unhealthy working conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The policies of the Indian government overwhelmingly impact the vulnerable. Beatings, disinfection and quarantine conditions that breach the constitutional right to equality have been applied to migrants trying to return home. Lockdown policies often violate their rights to life and health, insofar as they confine migrants for an unspecified time, and without advance notice, to their leased housing, without access to food or water. In a crude attempt at disinfection, even those permitted to fly have been exposed to dangerous chemicals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The disproportionate impact of state policy is also an infringement of the right to equality provided for in Article 14<\/a> of the Constitution and it imposes a corresponding obligation on the government to mitigate the negative effects. Although the Indian government flew back citizens who were stranded abroad, it did not provide internal migrants with similar travel support until much later. This unfair treatment of officially equal people is, at the very least, problematic, because there was, in fact, an immediate and well-publicized need for concrete policy initiatives to assist migrants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After a series of phased \u2018unlocks\u2019, the Indian nation is now moving back to normalcy. The migrant workers have been forced to return to the workplaces where they earn their livelihood. However, I firmly believe that we have again \u2018consciously\u2019 ignored the fact that these workers were the first to be hit by the lockdown and the first to go back into the field. This cannot be ignored at any cost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the long run, India should work by amending labour laws to reduce the insecurity of migrant workers. Such reforms should reconcile the conditions of migrant workers with those of other unorganized workers in industry, while at the same time establishing requirements for food protection, repatriation and wage stability in times of emergency. Although emergency responses are immediate, they need to pave the way towards addressing more structural problems in industries dominated by migrant workers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I hope this letter gave you a lot to think about in the times to come!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yours Pen Pal,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nipun Kalra<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21-FEB-2021, Delhi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cher Nipun Kalra,<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

J\u2019esp\u00e8re que vous trouverez toutes les informations dont vous avez besoin dans cette lettre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je suis tr\u00e8s \u00e9panouie car j\u2019aurai enfin l\u2019occasion de m’exprimer sur un sujet qui m\u2019int\u00e9resse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

J\u2019esp\u00e8re que vous vous portez bien ainsi que votre famille pour ce qui concerne la pand\u00e9mie. D\u2019apr\u00e8s nos derni\u00e8res discussions, j\u2019esp\u00e8re que vos \u00e9tudes vont bien aussi. Il me semble que la gestion et la m\u00e9diation sociales et le droit sont deux domaines compl\u00e9mentaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L’ann\u00e9e 2020 a \u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8rement consum\u00e9e par la pand\u00e9mie et il semble que les premiers mois de l’ann\u00e9e 2021 seront eux aussi engloutis par les effets de la pand\u00e9mie. Au Maroc, bien que les mesures de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 soient toujours en vigueur, les choses reviennent lentement et r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement \u00e0 la normale et je pense qu’apr\u00e8s la fin de toutes les campagnes de vaccination, nous serons vraiment sur la bonne voie pour revenir \u00e0 la vie d’avant la pand\u00e9mie. Mais ceux qui sont et continueront \u00e0 \u00eatre les plus touch\u00e9s par les circonstances actuelles sont les personnes d\u00e9j\u00e0 vuln\u00e9rables de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et notamment les migrants subsahariens qui sont nouvellement install\u00e9s au Maroc. Ces personnes ont     beaucoup souffert lors de cette pand\u00e9mie car ils sont tr\u00e8s loin de leurs familles, ils ont perdu leur travail et il y en a m\u00eame qui ont perdu leur logement. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Migrants subsahariens : Le Maroc au bord d\u2019une catastrophe humanitaire:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les migrants subsahariens au Maroc ne font l\u2019objet d\u2019aucune mesure particuli\u00e8re pouvant soulager le drame qu\u2019ils vivent au quotidien sous nos cieux. D\u00e9j\u00e0 en situation de vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9, ils le sont d\u00e9sormais encore plus aujourd\u2019hui sous l\u2019effet de l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence sanitaire prolong\u00e9 malgr\u00e9 le travail des associations sur le terrain pour leur venir en aide et r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 leurs besoins les plus \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires : eau, nourriture, couverture\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les acteurs associatifs sur le terrain depuis plus d\u2019un mois d\u00e9crivent une situation de d\u00e9tresse humanitaire sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent : ils ne trouvent rien \u00e0 se mettre sous la dent, m\u00eame pas dans les poubelles !<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La fermeture des restaurants et des hammams aggrave le quotidien de cette population qui ne peut plus compter sur la g\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9 de quelques restaurateurs et de quelques propri\u00e9taires de hammams, qui leur donnaient des repas ou leur permettaient de se laver.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les associations elles-m\u00eames ne disposent pas de toutes les ressources n\u00e9cessaires pour faire face \u00e0 cette situation, d\u2019autant que leur travail est devenu plus contraignant sous l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence sanitaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Casablanca, ils sont pr\u00e8s de 700 personnes assist\u00e9es par l\u2019instance marocaine pour la justice sociale et les droits de l\u2019homme sans oublier les 150 SDF adultes et mineurs auxquels l\u2019Instance Marocaine Pour La Justice Sociale et Les Droits De L\u2019homme <\/strong>tente de venir en aide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La coordinatrice de l\u2019Association dans la r\u00e9gion de Casablanca, est tiraill\u00e9e face \u00e0 la situation actuelle entre migrants subsahariens et les personnes qui se retrouvent SDF \u00e0 cause de l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie et ne trouvent m\u00eame pas les moyens de rejoindre leurs familles. Pis, cette population est compos\u00e9e de mineurs, ce qui pose clairement le probl\u00e8me de leur s\u00e9curit\u00e9 corporelle, psychologique sans omettre qu\u2019ils ne trouvent m\u00eame pas de quoi calmer leur faim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019association a d\u00e9j\u00e0 lanc\u00e9 des alertes en mars dernier sur les conditions de vie de cette population et elle a r\u00e9it\u00e9r\u00e9 son appel aux autorit\u00e9s face \u00e0 l\u2019amenuisement des ressources pour subvenir aux besoins de ces personnes en extr\u00eame d\u00e9tresse. Plus d\u2019un mois plus tard, la situation s\u2019est d\u00e9grad\u00e9e davantage. Les migrations continueront de jouer un r\u00f4le important dans la croissance \u00e9conomique et l\u2019innovation, ainsi que dans l\u2019adaptation \u00e0 des march\u00e9s du travail en mutation rapide. Les migrants sont particuli\u00e8rement expos\u00e9s aux effets de la pand\u00e9mie sur la sant\u00e9, du fait de leur travail en premi\u00e8re ligne pendant la pand\u00e9mie mais aussi parce qu\u2019ils pr\u00e9sentent des vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s li\u00e9es, par exemple, aux conditions de logement ou \u00e0 la pauvret\u00e9. Les \u00e9tudes men\u00e9es dans plusieurs pays montrent que les immigr\u00e9s sont expos\u00e9s \u00e0 un risque d\u2019infection au moins deux fois plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 que les personnes n\u00e9es dans le pays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 long terme, le Maroc devrait s’efforcer de modifier le droit du travail pour r\u00e9duire l’ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 des travailleurs migrants. Ces r\u00e9formes devraient concilier les conditions des travailleurs migrants avec celles des autres travailleurs non syndiqu\u00e9s de l’industrie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

J’esp\u00e8re que cette lettre vous a donn\u00e9 mati\u00e8re \u00e0 r\u00e9flexion dans les temps \u00e0 venir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Votre correspondante,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Souhayla El Alimi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15-FEV-2021, Oujda
\n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dear Souhayla!<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Thank you for sharing a well-thought letter. It gave me lots of information to ponder over. I have been reading on the subject and tried to unpack the different narratives around the migrant issues related to the migration of sub-Saharans to Morocco.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sub-Saharan migrants are underemployed and daily engaged in activities in the parallel economy. In most cases, they work as unlicenced hawkers on streets and corners or in undeclared jobs in the construction sector and in other arduous labour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I also understood that Moroccans do not accept that sub-Saharan migrants should benefit from all the rights that the Moroccan people enjoy, as they believe that the migrants must not be a priority, given the socio-economic conditions that every Moroccan with a low income endures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moroccans also consider that the presence of sub-Saharan migrants causes \u2018an increased sense of insecurity, theft, beggary and squabbling\u2019, according to the answers given by Moroccan interviewees in a survey<\/a>. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Overall, I firmly believe that our most pressing concern should be to challenge ourselves, as a first step towards resolving the migrant crisis. This crisis worsens if it is reduced to a political melodrama. I believe collective consciousness can be raised among people to bring effective change. There should be a constant (and a constructive) dialogue between the migrant population and the respective governments. And do you think the Moroccan population should be a part of this dialogue as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A pandemic is not the time for a blame game. The worst affected, the migrant workers themselves, have shown great generosity and shared their rations with those in need. Amidst all the disheartening things happening during the pandemic, examples like this affirm that we can overcome this if we all stand united with humanity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Your pen pal,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nipun Kalra<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6-MARCH-2021, Delhi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cher Nipun Kalra,<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Merci pour ta lettre si riche en id\u00e9es et en informations et j\u2019avoue \u00eatre d\u2019accord avec ton avis par rapport \u00e0 l\u2019effet des mesures contre la covid sur les migrants subsahariens or l\u2019expansion extr\u00eamement rapide des migrations clandestines enregistr\u00e9es au d\u00e9part de l\u2019Afrique Subsaharienne depuis le d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1990 est li\u00e9e \u00e0 la fragilit\u00e9 de ce continent. L\u2019augmentation de la pauvret\u00e9, les p\u00e9nuries de ressources naturelles (l\u2019eau en particulier) et les conflits et guerres de toute nature incitent les immigrants africains \u00e0 transiter par le Maroc en direction de l\u2019Espagne et de l\u2019Europe ou bien \u00e0 s\u2019installer d\u00e9finitivement au Maroc afin de profiter de sa stabilit\u00e9 et de sa prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9. L\u2019une des plus importantes cons\u00e9quences de l\u2019immigration ill\u00e9gale sur le Maroc d\u00e9coule du fait que, \u00e9chaud\u00e9s par les difficult\u00e9s qu\u2019ils ont rencontr\u00e9es sur le chemin migratoire les conduisant en Europe, un nombre de plus en plus important de migrants subsahariens optent d\u00e9sormais pour une installation dans diff\u00e9rentes localit\u00e9s marocaines (plut\u00f4t urbaines).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour prendre en compte ces caract\u00e9ristiques, nous supposons que l\u2019immigrant africain qui vient s\u2019installer en ville, n\u2019a pas le m\u00eame comportement que le travailleur marocain urbain. Il ne maximise pas le revenu attendu de l\u2019offre de son travail au Maroc ou \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger. Il vient pour travailler au Maroc, fuyant la guerre ou la pauvret\u00e9, afin d\u2019y rester ou d\u2019assurer sa survie avant de se rendre en Espagne. La d\u00e9cision d\u2019\u00e9migrer vers l\u2019Europe est prise avant l\u2019arriv\u00e9e au Maroc et ne d\u00e9pend donc pas des conditions de vie et du diff\u00e9rentiel salarial entre le Maroc et le reste du monde. De plus, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l\u2019immigration des Africains n\u2019a pas lieu uniquement pour des raisons \u00e9conomiques ou financi\u00e8res, mais aussi pour des raisons d\u2019ordre personnel et de s\u00e9curit\u00e9, les conditions de vie au Maroc et en particulier la variation du salaire urbain n’auront pas d\u2019effet sur l\u2019immigration subsaharienne vers le Maroc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finalement je remercie toute l\u2019\u00e9quipe du Global Pen Friends car ils nous ont donn\u00e9e l\u2019opportunit\u00e9 de nous exprimer librement et je remercie \u00e9galement mon cher coll\u00e8gue Nipun Kalra pour son aide sur ce sujet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Votre correspondante,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Souhayla El Alimi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6-MARS-2021,\nOujda<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Correspondence between Nipun Kalra (student at the National Law University \u2013 Delhi) and Souhayla El Alimi (\u00e9tudiante … <\/p>\n

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